Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a popular technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their outstanding resistance to fouling, chemical resis

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are novel technologies rapidly disrupting the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR processes integrate a biological reactor with a membrane purification module, offering enhanced efficiency. This combined approach achieves significant ad